Article Citation:
Esther Isabella Eucharista.F and Mohanraj Ebenezer
Hydrobiological parameters and phytoplankton analysis in Kadamba pond and Arumugamangalam pond of South Tamilnadu
Journal of Research in Ecology (2015) 3(1): 001-020
Hydrobiological parameters and phytoplankton analysis in Kadamba pond and Arumugamangalam pond of South Tamilnadu
Keywords:
Phytoplanktons, zooplanktons and Physico-chemical parameters.
001-020 | JRE | 2015 | Vol 3| No 1
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Journal of Research
in Ecology
An International
Scientific Research Journal
Authors:
Esther Isabella Eucharista.F
Mohanraj Ebenezer
Institution:
PG & Research Department of Zoology, St.John’s College, Palayamkottai-627002, TamilNadu.
Corresponding author:
Esther Isabella Eucharista.F
Web Address:
http://eologyresearch.info/ documents/EC0030.pdf
Dates:
Received: 3 Nov 2014 Accepted: 5 Jan 2015 Published: 16 Mar 2015
An International Scientific Research Journal
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Journal of Research in Ecology
Journal of Research in Ecology
www.ecologyresearch.info
ABSTRACT:
The planktonic composition along with the hydrobiological parameters of the
Kadamba pond and Arumugamangalam pond was studied during the period of January 2012 to December 2012.The hydrobiological characteristics of pond water have direct impact onprevailing human activities and exploitation of agricultural fertilizers, manures, pesticides and insecticides. A total number of 130 micro algae were observed. Among these 48 species belongs to Cyanophyceae, 33 species belongs to Bacillariophyceae,32 species belongs to Chlorophyceae, 07 species belongs to Euglenophyceae, 04 species belongs to Dinophyceae ,01 species belong to Chrysophyceae, 01 species belong to Noctiluciphyceae, 01 species of Prymnesiophyceae,01 species belong to Pyrrophyceae, 01 species belong to Ulvophyceae and 01 species belong to Zygnemophyceae were present. Included to this some of the zooplanktons such as Bosmina longirostris, Chaborus, Asplanchna and Daphnia longispina were present. In the present investigation Cyanophyceae emerged as a major Algal group.
INTRODUCTION
Water is an elixir of life. It governs the evolution and functions of universe on the earth hence water is the “Mother of all living world”(Mahima Chaurasia and Pandey, 2007). The life cannot exist without the water. To maintain a stable community presence of safe and reliable drinking water is an essential one Sujata Sen et al.(2011) . Pond a natural resource are of fundamental importance to the surrounding settlements. Nowadays ponds are exploited by human interactions in multidimensional purposes (Raiagopal et al.,2010). Water is a natural resource used for enomorous activities such as
drinking, irrigation, fish production ,power generation, etc. The physical and chemical properties of the pond ecosystems are adversely affected because of the interactions of human. Hence there is a need of scientific management of exploitation and conservation of these pond natural resources.
The primary productivity of phytoplankton serves as a food chain for the other aquatic
plants and animals. It accounts substantially for the organic production of waters ways. They provide information on the productivity of the environment Balakrishnan et al. (2012). Hence, the present study aimed to know the influence of hydrobiological parameters of water on phytoplankton population and
their seasonal changes.
Study site description
Kadamba pond
Kadamba pond is located between 80 35’17”N and 7801’4”E.It is an annual water body receiving domestic waste water almost throughout the year and exhibits abundance of phytoplankton population. The total area of kadamba pond is about 1104/1 sq. feet of which water spreads over an area of 667 hectares and 29 acres (Figure 1). The water is used for domestic purposes like washing clothes and for domestic animals, etc. The kadamba pond receives water from papanasam .It has 10 water inlets and the water flows out through ammanpuram and periakulam .It belongs to Tiruchendur Taluk.
Arumugamangalam pond
Arumugamangalam pond is also an annual water body receiving water from Thamiraparani and its tributaries.The total area of arumugamangalam pond is about 786 acres (Figure 2). It is located between 8 0 39’25”N and 78 0 2’59”E.It belongs to Srivaikuntam Taluk.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was carried out during January to December 2012.Water samples were collected in cleaned
Polythene bottles without any air bubbles. Before collecting the sample bottles are rinsed with the same water and tightly sealed and labeled in the field. The hydrobiological parameters such as turbidity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, total alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, sodium , potassium, chlorine, sulphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, total coliform and feacal coliform were analyzed in the laboratory as per standard methods (APHA, 1985; Manivasakam, 1987) while temperature and pH was noted on spot. Phytoplankton samples were collected by plankton net by filtering 100L. of water and preserved in 4% formaldehyde. Identifications of phytoplanktons were made as per references and manuals (Desikachary, 1959;
R.Subramanyan, 1968; X.N.Verlencar and Someshekar Desai, 2004; Bhosale et al., 2010).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The quality of the physicochemical parameters and phytoplankton population are interrelated with each other. A total number of 130 species of phytoplankton were recorded during the study period. The study area’s water inhabits forty eight species of Cyanophyceae, thirty three species of Bacillariophyceae, thirty two species of Chlorophyceae, seven species of Euglenophyceae, four
species of Dinophyceae, one species of Chrysophyceae, one species of Pyrrophyceae, one species of Ulvophyceae , one species of Pyrmnesiophyceae, one species of Noctiluciphyceae, and one species of Zygnemophyceae are presented in table 5 and plates 1-6.
Analysis of the phytoplankton revealed that, of all the phytoplankton studied, members belonging to Cyanophyceae emerged as a major Algal group.
The turbidity was found maximum at Kadamba pond in the month of May as 6.6 ±0.317 NTU and minimum in the month of August as 3.0 ±0.707 NTU (Table 1). Similarly, the turbidity was found maximum at Arumugamangalam pond in the month of May as 5.3 ±0.317 NTU and minimum in the month of March as 3.6 ±0.317 NTU (Table 3). The photosynthetic activity depends upon the penetration of light into the water. The more turbidity during the month of May in both the Arumugamangalam pond and the Kadamba pond results less penetration of light into the water. Hence during the month of May, the activity of photosynthesis in the autotrophs was reduced due to less penetration of light. As a result there is an emergence of Cyanophyceae members abundantly (Plate 1& 2). The less turbidity during the month of August in the Kadamba pond and March at Arumugamangalam pond results in the emergence of Chlorophyceae members (Plate 3). Kensa (2011) reported that the more turbidity means less penetration of light into the water. Therefore, the amount of photosynthesis can decrease. This results in a decrease in the amount of oxygen produced by aquatic plants.
Temperature plays an important role in controlling the abundance of phytoplankton Singh (1960). Maximum temperature was recorded during May as 31.7±0.3170c and minimum was recorded during January as 27.8±0.3170c at Kadamba pond (Table 1). In the Arumugamangalam pond maximum temperature was recorded during May as 27.8±0.3170c and minimum temperature was recorded during January as 15.9±0.3170c (Table 3). The maximum temperature recorded during the month of May in both the ponds indicated that it was greatly influenced by the luxurious growth of Cyanophyceae (Table 5). Khare (2011) reported that a moderate temperature between 200c -400c was found suitable for the luxurious growth of Cyanobacterial taxa . Vetriselvi et al.(2011) reported that all the metabolic and physiological activities and life process such as feeding, reproduction, movements and distribution of aquatic organisms are greatly influenced by water temperature.
The maximum pH value of 8.3 ±0.317 was recorded during March and minimum in October as 7.3 ±0.317 at Kadamba pond (Table 1). In the arumugamangalam pond, maximum pH was recorded during April as 8.7 ±0.317 and minimum during November as 7.9 ±0. 317 (Table 3). High pH value results in the production of high algal growth (Plate 4). George (1961) reported that high pH value promotes the growth of algae
. The high concentration of dissolved oxygen was recorded in the month of December as 8.8±0.317 mg/l and low in the month of June as 7.0 ±0.707 mg/l (Table 1) at the Kadamba pond, whereas in the Arumugamangalam pond high concentration was recorded during January as 8.7 ±0.317 mg/l and low during August as 5.7 ±0.317 mg/l (Table 3). The amount of dissolved oxygen is governed by the photosynthetic activity produced by the autotrophs. The uniform distribution of dissolved oxygen in the aquatic ecosystem is greatly influenced by factors such as the atmosphere, rainfall and the rate of photosynthesis in the autotrophs (Plate 5&6). Kensa (2011) reported that the dissolved oxygen is due to the photosynthetic activity and aeration rate. The distribution of dissolved oxygen in the aquatic ecosystem maintains a balance between input from the atmosphere, rainfall, photosynthesis and losses by the chemical and biotic oxidations. (Merlin and Mohanraj Ebenezer, 2012) reported that a maximum of 4 mg/l of DO has been recommended for healthy growth of fish and other planktonic population.
In the Kadamba pond the electrical conductance
value ranged maximum in the month of January as 1.58 ±0.007 ds/m and minimum in the month of May as 0.21 ±0.007 ds/m (Table 1). In the Arumugamangalam pond the conductivity value was maximum during October as 3.10 ±0.317 ds/m and minimum during September as 0.20 ±0.007 ds/m (Table 3). The maximum values indicated were the presence of some dissolved agricultural fertilizers, manures, pesticides and insecticides from the nearby agricultural field. Pagariya (2012) reported that the maximum values indicate the presence of some dissolved inorganic substances in ionized form in the water.
The total dissolved solids in the Kadamba pond recorded maximum during January as 10.0 ±0.707 mg/l and minimum during December as 6.0±0.707 mg/l (Table 1). In the Arumugamangalam pond maximum TDS was recorded during October as 14.9 ±0.317 mg/l and minimum during April as 11.3±0.317 mg/l (Table 3). The highest values might be clothing by detergents, bathing by soaps and agricultural effluents from the agricultural field hampered the quality of water. These agricultural effluents may lead to the growth of Cyanophyceae members abundantly (Table 5). Vetriselvi et al. (2011) reported that the highest values might be the accumulation of clothing, washing and bathing by soaps and detergents which hampered the quality of water.
Hardness was maximum at Kadamba pond as 9.7 ±0.317 mg/l in the month of January and minimum as 7.0 ±0.707 mg/l (Table 1) in the month of December. It was maximum at Arumugamangalam pond as 10.5 ±0.161 mg/l in the month of January and minimum as 3.5 ±0.161 mg/l (Table 3) in the month of May. The maximum hardness in both the ponds during January might be the dissolved organic matter from the agricultural field.
The highest alkalinity value was recorded as 11.9 ±0.317 mg/l at Kadamba pond in the month of January and lowest value was 9.0 ±0.707 mg/l in the month of December (Table 1). Highest value was recorded as 27.9 ±0.317 mg/l at Arumugamangalam pond in the month of October and lowest value as 19.3 ±0.317 mg/l in the April (Table 3). The highest alkalinity was suitable for the phytoplankton growth (Table 5). Brahmbhatt and Rinku Patel (2012) reported that the higher alkalinity was favourable to planktonic growth.
In the present investigation, higher concentration of calcium was recorded as 4.5 ±0.161 mg/l at Kadamba pond in the month of January and lower concentration was recorded as 1.0 ±0.070 mg/l in April (Table 2). Higher concentration was recorded at Arumugamangalam pond was 7.5 ±0.161 mg/l in January and lower concentration was 1.1 ±0.317 mg/l in February (Table 4). The higher concentration of calcium was greatly influenced by the growth of Cyanophyceae. Brahmbhatt and Rinku.Patel ( 2012) reported that the higher concentration of calcium favoured the growth of Cyanophyceae.
Maximum magnesium was recorded as 7.4 ±0.317 mg/l in January at Kadamba pond and minimum as 1.0 ±0.070 mg/l in August (Table 2). On the other hand maximum was recorded as 7.65 ±0.007 mg/l in October and minimum as 0.045 ±0.000 mg/l in September at Arumugamangalam pond (Table 4). The maximum magnesium recorded during October in both the ponds in this investigation represented the luxurious growth of Cyanophycean members (Plate 1&2). The highest concentration might be the agricultural effluents from the nearby land.
Higher concentration of sodium was recorded as 3.48 ±0.316 mg/l in January and lower concentration was recorded as 0.526 ±0.000 mg/l in October at Kadamba pond (Table 2). At Arumugamangalam pond higher concentration was recorded 7.65 ±0.007 mg/l in October and 0.045 ±0.000 mg/l as lower concentration in September (Table 4). The higher concentration of sodium in water might be the effluents of fertilizers and manures from the agricultural field. Brahmbatt and Rinku Patel (2012) reported that the highest population abundance of Cyanophycean members had a direct relationship with the hardness of water.
The highest value of potassium at
Kadamba pond was 0.67 ±0.007 mg/l in June and lowest value as 0.0256 ±0.000 mg/l in February (Table 2). In Arumugamangalam pond highest value was 0.521 ±0.000 mg/l in July and lowest value as 0.0256 ±0.000 mg/l in December (Table 4). During this investigation, the fertilizers from the agricultural field were observed with the increased concentration of potassium.
Maximum chloride value at Kadamba pond was 11.4 ±0.317 mg/l in January and minimum value as 0.1 ±0.007 mg/l in November (Table 2) was recorded. In the Arumugamangalam pond maximum value was 16.5 ±0.161 mg/l in January and minimum value as 1.0 ±0.070 mg/l in December (Table 4) was recorded. Higher concentration of chloride influences the growth of abundance of Cyanophycean members like Chroococcus turgidus, Chroococcus limneticus, Merismopedia elegans, Merismopedia tenuissima, Merismopedia glauca, Oscillatoria annae, Oscillatoria jasorvensis, Lyngbya majuscula, Lyngbya truncicola, Arthrospira sp (Plate 1&2). Brahmbhatt and Rinku. Patel (2012) reported that the higher concentration of chloride favoured the growth of Chroococcus turgidus, Chroococcus limneticus, Merismopedia elegans, Merismopedia tenuissima, Merismopedia glauca, Oscillatoria annae, Oscillatoria jasorvensis, Lyngbya majuscula, Lyngbya truncicola, Arthrospira sp, and other members of Cyanophyceae.
Highest concentration of sulphate was recorded at Kadamba pond in the month of January as 1.2 ±0.000 mg/l (Table 2) and at Arumugamangalam pond in the month of October as 11.9 ±0. 317 mg/l (Table 4). During this investigation, luxuriant growths of Cyanophycean members were observed with the highest concentration of sulphate. The highest concentration might be due to the agricultural effluents from the agricultural field. Brahmbhatt and Rinku. Patel (2012) reported that the high value of sulphate signify increased decomposition products of plant and animal materials by heterotrophic organisms.
Maximum concentration of carbonate at Kadamba was recorded as 0.43 ±0.007 mg/l in January (Table 2) and 1.2 ±0.317 mg/l in December at Arumugamangalam (Table 4). The maximum concentration of carbonates might be the soaps and detergents used by the local people for bathing and washing purposes. Mary Kensa (2011) reported that the highest concentration of carbonates are obtained from soaps and detergents used by the local residents for bathing and washing purposes.
The highest concentration of bicarbonate ions was recorded as 2.9 ±0.317 mg/l in May at Kadamba (Table 2) and 3.1±0.317 mg/l in May at Arumugamangalam and lowest was recorded as 1.2 ±0.317 mg/l (Table 4) in December. The highest concentration of bicarbonates may be due to wash out of slurry from the agricultural fields.
The highest counts of total coliform at Kadamba pond was recorded as 370 ±0.707 MPN/100 ml in November and lowest counts as 220 ±0.707 MPN/100 ml in June (Table 2). The highest counts at Arumugamangalam pond was recorded as 350 ±0.707 MPN/100 ml in November and lowest counts as 253 ±0.707 MPN/100 ml in September (Table 4). The highest counts of total coliform might be due to the leachates from the agricultural field.
The highest counts of faecal coliform at Kadamba pond was recorded as 38 ±0.707 MPN/100 ml in January and lowest counts as 23 ±0.707 MPN/100 ml in June (Table 2) . The highest counts at Arumugamangalam pond was recorded as 37 ±0.707 MPN/100 ml in November and 19 ±0.707 MPN/100 ml as lowest counts in August (Table 4). The highest counts of faecal coliform might be the presence of humic matter besides both the Kadamba pond and the Arumugamangalam pond overflow by the rainwater.
CONCLUSION
The physico-chemical parameters and biotic component (phytoplanktons) procured that both the
aquatic bodies are considered to be slowly impacted by the anthropogenic pressures. The revealed results need to conserve, manage and restore the water bodies. Intensive efforts such as regular monitoring, systematic assessment in the inlets and outlets of depth survey fields can save the vitality of biotic components and to regulate the anthropogenic pressures at both the aquatic habitats. This would be an effective tool in order to prevent the ecological balance for non-stop survival and endurance of productive nutrients and aquatic biota.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to Dr.C.P.Balakrishnan and Miss. Jenifer of Botany Department, Aditanar arts & science college, Tiruchendur for providing laboratory facilities and deep thanks to Mr.F.Judson for sample collection. Preparation of this project work was made possible by co-operation and advice from
Mrs.G.Ponnuthai Devakani. Thanks to Dr.P.Kombiah for statistical support.
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quality index. International journal of applied biology and pharmaceutical technology. 4(1):47-52.
Merlin N and Mohanraj Ebenezer. 2012. A comparative study of physico-chemical and phycological Characters of Muthalamozhi pond and Kadampa pond of Tiruchendur taluk of Tuticorin district. Indian Hydrobiology. 14(2):126-130.
Nerpagar PB. 2011. Studies on algal flora of certain factories effluents in Dhule district of {MS} India. Bioscience discovery. 02(2):240-242.
Oguz Kurt,Sevilay ulcay, Ergun Taskin, Mehmet Ozturk. 2010. Taxonomy and description of the three Marine cyanophyceaen algae from the Mediterranean sea. Turkish journal of Fisheries and aquatic sciences. 10:33-37.
Pagariya SK. 2012. Analysis of water quality using physico-chemical parameters of Kolura pond in post- monsoon season. International journal of chemical and physical sciences. IJCPS (2):48-52 .
Pannikar MVN, Jayalekshmi R and Jackson A. 2012. Biodiversity of filamentous desmids of Kerala. Indian Hydrobiology. 14(2):117-125.
Rajagopal T, Thangamani A and Archunan G. 2010. Comparison of physic-chemical parameters and phytoplankton species diversity of two perennial ponds in Sattur area, TamilNadu. Journal of Environmental Biology. 31(5) 784-794.
Rani R and Sivakumar K. 2012. Physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton richness in certain ponds of Chidambaram, Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu. International journal of research in environmental science and technology. 2(2):35-44.
Sabeen Naz, Masud-ul-Hasan and Mustafa Shameel. 2004. Taxonomic study of anabaina bory (Nostocophyceae,cyanophyta) from northern areas of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 36(2):283-295 .
Sahoo SK, Datta BK and Pranjit Sarma. 2012. New records Cladophorales;chlorophyceae from West Bengal. Indian Hydrobiology. 14(2):145-151.
Sayeswara HA, Mahesh Anand Gowdar and Manjunatha R. 2011. A preliminary study on ecological Characteristics of Sominkoppa pond; Shivamogga, Karnataka, India. The Ecoscan 5(1&2):11-14.
Selvin Samuel A, Martin Christi R and Manthirakumar Rajesh A. 2011. A study of phytoplankton in River Tamiraparani. Indian Hydrobiology. 14(2):131-138.
Singh VP. 1960. Phytoplankton ecology of the inland waters of Uttarpradesh, proc. Symp Algae ICAR, New Delhi. Pp. 243-271.
Subramanyan R. 1968. The Dinophyceae of the Indian seas. Marine Biol. Asso. Of India. CMRFI, India.
Sujata Sen, Mrinal Kanti Paul and Madhab Borah. 2011. Study of some physico-chemical parameters of pond and river water with reference to correlation study. International journal of chem. Tech research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG. 3,4:1802-1807.
Suresh B, Manjappa S and Puttaiah ET. 2013. Dynamics of phytoplankton succession in Tungabhadra river near Harihar, Karnataka (India). Journal of microbiology and antimicrobials. 5(7): 65-71.
Tania Chakraborty, Arpita Mukhopadhyay and Ruma Pal. 2010. Micro algal diversity of Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Indian Hydrobiology. 12(2):204-224.
Verlencar XN and Someshekar Desai 2004. Phytoplankton identification manual. Natl. Inst. of Oceanography, India.
Vetriselvi A, Sivakumar K and Poonguzhali TV. 2011. Seasonal variation of hydrographic parameters and distribution of nutrients in the Perumal lake, Tamilnadu. International journal of research in environmental science and technology. 1(4):34-42.
Vinod Jena, Satish Dixit, Ravi Shrivastava and Sapana Gupta. 2013. Study of pond water quality by the assessment of physico-chemical parameters and water quality index. International journal of applied biology and pharmaceutical technology. 4(1):47-52.
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CLASS |
STATION 1 |
STATION 2 |
A. Cyanophyceae |
Kadamba pond |
Arumugamangalam pond |
01.Chroococcus turgidus |
+ |
- |
02.Calothrix braunii |
+ |
- |
03.Cosmarium moniliforme |
+ |
+ |
04.Merismopedia elegans |
+ |
- |
05.Merismopedia tenuissima(10µm) |
+ |
- |
06.Anabaena inaequalis(600x) |
+ |
- |
07.Phormidium corium(700x) |
+ |
- |
08.Oscillatoria pseudogeminata(5µm) |
+ |
- |
09. Oscillatoria jasorvensis |
+ |
- |
10. Oscillatoria ornate(700x) |
+ |
- |
11. Oscillatoria annae(700x) |
+ |
- |
12.Arthrospira sp |
+ |
- |
13.Achnanthes sp |
- |
+ |
14. Phormidium ambiguum(700x) |
- |
+ |
15. Oscillatoria subtilissima(400µm) |
- |
+ |
16. Lyngbya majuscula (20µm) |
- |
+ |
17. Merismopedia glauca(20µm) |
- |
+ |
18. Anabaena fertilissima |
- |
+ |
19. Anabaena aphanizomenon |
- |
+ |
20. Anabaena ambigua |
- |
+ |
21. Anabaena orientalis |
- |
+ |
22. Scytonema coactile (20µm) |
- |
+ |
23.Desmid micrasterias fimbriata |
- |
+ |
Table 5: Phytoplankton biodiversity in the Kadamba pond and Arumugamangalam pond
24. Oscillatoria vizag apa tense |
- |
+ |
25. Microchaete loktaken(30µm) |
- |
+ |
26.Nostoc carneum(15µm) |
- |
+ |
27. Oscillatoria princeps |
- |
+ |
28. Anabaena oscillaroides vargracilis(15µm) |
- |
+ |
29. Lyngbya truncicola(30µm) |
- |
+ |
30. Anabaena variabilis (10µm) |
- |
+ |
31. Anabaena bergi(600x) |
- |
+ |
32.Calothrix marchica(7µm) |
- |
+ |
33. Anabaena laxa(600x) |
- |
+ |
34. Photo medium botinero (700x) |
- |
+ |
35. Anabaena oryzae(12µm) |
- |
+ |
36. Anabaena affinis(600x) |
- |
+ |
37. Oscillatoria chalybea(700x) |
+ |
+ |
38. Chroococcus limneticus(10µm) |
- |
+ |
39. Gloeotrichia raciborskii(40µm) |
- |
+ |
40. Lyngbya aestuarii(600x) |
- |
+ |
41. Anabaena cyanobacteria with heterocysts |
+ |
- |
42. Oscillatoria okeni (600x) |
+ |
- |
43. Oscillatoria insignis |
+ |
- |
44. Oscillatoria willei(600x) |
+ |
- |
45. Gloeotrichia ghosei(10µm) |
+ |
- |
46. Oscillatoria laetevirens(700x) |
+ |
- |
Esther et al., 2015
Journal of Research in Ecology (2015) 3(1): 001-020 007
47.Nodularia spumigena(600x) |
+ |
- |
48.Dactylococcopsis acicularis(600x) |
+ |
- |
B. Chlorophyceae |
|
|
01.Lagerheimia quadriseta |
+ |
- |
02.Rhizoclonium tortuosum |
+ |
- |
03.Oedogonium sp(6µm) |
+ |
+ |
04.Trachelomonas volvocina |
+ |
- |
05.Volvox aureus |
- |
+ |
06.Chlamydomonas pseudopolypyre-noidea |
+ |
- |
07.Mougeotia scalaris |
+ |
- |
08. Chlamydomonas orbicularis |
+ |
- |
09. Chlamydomonas pseudopodia |
+ |
- |
10.Golenkinia paucispina |
+ |
- |
11.Volvox globator |
+ |
- |
12. Chlamydomonas vacuolata |
+ |
- |
13. Oedogonium sp |
- |
+ |
14.Cylindrospermopsis(1000x) |
+ |
- |
15.Westella botryoides |
- |
+ |
16.Monoraphidium capricornutum |
- |
+ |
17. Trachelomonas hispida |
- |
+ |
18.Pediastrum duplex(86µm) |
- |
+ |
19. Rhizoclonium fontinale(20µm) |
- |
+ |
20.Hyalotheca dissilens |
- |
+ |
21.Pandorina morum |
- |
+ |
22.Pithophora oedogonia(150µm) |
- |
+ |
23. Chlamydomonas microsphere |
- |
+ |
24. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
- |
+ |
25.Pleurotaenium ehrenbergii |
- |
+ |
26.Closterium navicula |
- |
+ |
27.Spirogyra corrugate(20µm) |
- |
+ |
28. Closterium parvulum |
- |
+ |
29.Water net(Hydrodictyon reticulatum) |
+ |
- |
30.Volvox kugeln |
+ |
- |
31. Trachelomonas sp |
+ |
- |
32.Botryococcus braunii |
+ |
- |
33.Cephalomonas granulata |
+ |
- |
C.Euglenophyceae |
|
|
01.Synura uvella |
- |
+ |
02.Euglena polymorpha(81m) |
- |
+ |
03.Viridis minutum |
- |
+ |
04.Phacus pseudoswirenkoi |
- |
+ |
05. Phacus tortus(1.51m) |
- |
+ |
06. Phacus accuminatus |
- |
+ |
07.Rostellata hustedt |
+ |
- |
D.Chrysophyceae |
|
|
01.Dinobryon sociale |
- |
+ |
E.Dinophyceae |
|
|
01. Gymnodinium palustre |
- |
+ |
02. Gymnodinium sp |
- |
+ |
03.Ceratium symmetricum |
+ |
- |
04. Ceratium lunula |
+ |
- |
F.Bacillariophyceae |
|
|
01.Amphora ovalis |
- |
+ |
Esther et al., 2015
008 Journal of Research in Ecology (2015) 3(1): 001-020
Journal of Research in Ecology (2015) 3(1): 001-020 009
Esther et al., 2015
Esther et al., 2015
010 Journal of Research in Ecology (2015) 3(1): 001-020
Esther et al., 2015
011 Journal of Research in Ecology (2015) 3(1): 001-020
Esther et al., 2015
012 Journal of Research in Ecology (2015) 3(1): 001-020
Esther et al., 2015
013 Journal of Research in Ecology (2015) 3(1): 001-020
Esther et al., 2015
014 Journal of Research in Ecology (2015) 3(1): 001-020
Table 1: Seasonal variation of physical parameters of the Kadamba pond (January 2012 to December 2012)
Esther et al., 2015
015 Journal of Research in Ecology (2015) 3(1): 001-020
YEAR-2012 |
CHEMICAL PARAMETERS |
COLIFORM PA-RAMETERS |
||||||||
Month Month |
Ca(mg/l) |
Mg(mg/l) |
Na(mg/l) |
K(mg/l) |
Cl(mg/l) |
SO4(mg/l) |
Co3(mg/l) |
Hco3(mg/l) |
Total Col.(MPN/ 100ml) |
Faecal Col.(MPN/ 100ml) |
January |
4.5±0.161 |
7.4±0.317 |
3.48±0.316 |
0.26±0.007 |
11.4±0.317 |
1.2±0.000 |
0.43±0.007 |
2.8±0.317 |
350±0.707 |
38±0.707 |
Febru-ary |
2.2±0.317 |
1.3±0.070 |
0.69±0.000 |
0.02±0.000 |
2.0±0.246 |
0.000±0.000 |
0.000±0.000 |
2.2±0.317 |
318±0.707 |
32±0.707 |
March |
1.2±0.070 |
1.1±0.317 |
0.54±0.000 |
0.05±0.000 |
1.1±0.317 |
0.000±0.000 |
0.40±0.070 |
1.2±0.317 |
257±0.707 |
27±0.707 |
April |
1.0±0.070 |
1.5±0.161 |
0.60±0.000 |
0.07±0.000 |
0.9±0.070 |
0.6±0.070 |
0.000±0.000 |
1.7±0.070 |
251±0.707 |
25±0.707 |
May |
2.0±0.707 |
3.0±0.707 |
0.56±0.000 |
0.02±0.000 |
2.5±0.161 |
0.000±0.000 |
0.2±0.070 |
2.9±0.317 |
300±0.707 |
33±0.707 |
June |
2.1±0.317 |
2.0±0.707 |
0.54±0.007 |
0.67±0.007 |
1.5±0.161 |
0.1±0.007 |
0.21±0.007 |
1.5±0.161 |
220±0.707 |
23±0.707 |
July |
3.5±0.161 |
1.8±0.070 |
0.57±0.000 |
0.23±0.007 |
0.7±0.070 |
0.000±0.000 |
0.3±0.070 |
1.8±0.070 |
225±0.707 |
29±0.707 |
August |
2.5±0.161 |
1.0±0.070 |
0.54±0.000 |
0.52±0.007 |
2.1±0.317 |
0.000±0.000 |
0.3±0.070 |
2.2±0.317 |
259±0.707 |
30±0.707 |
Sep-tember |
2.4±0.070 |
2.8±0.070 |
0.58±0.007 |
0.59±0.007 |
2.3±0.320 |
0.1±0.007 |
0.31±0.007 |
2.1±0.317 |
245±0.707 |
25±0.707 |
October |
2.1±0.317 |
3.1±0.317 |
0.52±0.000 |
0.66±0.007 |
0.5±0.070 |
0.000±0.000 |
0.25±0.007 |
1.6±0.070 |
300±0.707 |
30±0.707 |
Novem-ber |
1.2±0.317 |
1.5±0.161 |
0.61±0.007 |
0.55±0.007 |
0.1±0.007 |
0.000±0.000 |
0.1±0.007 |
1.5±0.161 |
370±0.707 |
37±0.707 |
Decem-ber |
1.3±0.070 |
1.4±0.070 |
0.57±0.007 |
0.52±0.007 |
0.2±0.007 |
0.000±0.000 |
0.1±0.007 |
0.000±0.000 |
367±0.707 |
35±0.707 |
Table 2: Seasonal variation of chemical and coliform parameters of the Kadamba pond (January 2012 to De-cember 2012)
Esther et al., 2015
016 Journal of Research in Ecology (2015) 3(1):001-020
YEAR-2012 |
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS |
|||||||
Month Month |
Turbid-ity (NTU) |
Temperature (°c ) |
PH |
Do(mg/l) |
EC(ds/m) |
TDS(mg/l) |
TH(mg/l) |
TA(mg/l) |
January |
4.1±0.317 |
15.9±0.317 |
8.5±0.161 |
8.7±0.317 |
1.36±0.007 |
12.3±0.317 |
10.5±0.161 |
22.5±0.161 |
February |
4.5±0.161 |
19.2±0.317 |
8.0±0.707 |
8.3±0.317 |
0.38±0.007 |
11.9±0.317 |
8.5±0.161 |
19.9±0.317 |
March |
3.6±0.317 |
19.9±0.317 |
8.4±0.317 |
8.0±0.707 |
0.48±0.000 |
12.0±0.707 |
6.6±0.317 |
20.1±0.317 |
April |
4.0±0.707 |
20.7±0.317 |
8.7±0.317 |
7.9±0.317 |
0.49±0.007 |
11.3±0.317 |
4.7±0.317 |
19.3±0.317 |
May |
5.3±0.317 |
27.8±0.317 |
8.5±0.161 |
7.0±0.707 |
0.69±0.007 |
11.9±0.317 |
3.5±0.161 |
21.1±0.000 |
June |
5.0±0.707 |
25.3±0.317 |
8.4±0.317 |
6.5±0.161 |
1.46±0.007 |
12.5±0.161 |
4.6±0.070 |
22.9±0.317 |
July |
4.3±0.317 |
26.1±0.317 |
8.0±0.707 |
6.1±0.317 |
2.03±0.316 |
12.7±0.317 |
5.9±0.317 |
25.7±0.317 |
August |
3.9±0.317 |
23.2±0.317 |
8.2±0.317 |
5.7±0.317 |
0.27±0.007 |
13.0±0.707 |
6.3±0.317 |
26.9±0.317 |
September |
3.7±0.317 |
24.6±0.317 |
8.1±0.317 |
6.0±0.707 |
0.20±0.007 |
13.2±0.317 |
6.9±0.317 |
27.1±0.317 |
October |
4.9±0.317 |
21.9±0.317 |
8.3±0.317 |
6.3±0.317 |
3.10±0.317 |
14.9±0.317 |
7.5±0.161 |
27.9±0.317 |
November |
5.1±0.317 |
19.3±0.317 |
7.9±0.317 |
6.9±0.317 |
3.05±0.317 |
13.5±0.161 |
6.0±0.707 |
25.5±0.161 |
December |
4.5±0.161 |
19.5±0.161 |
8.5±0.161 |
7.5±0.161 |
0.21±0.007 |
13.1±0.707 |
5.5±0.161 |
24.3±0.317 |
Table 3: Seasonal variation of physical parameters of the Arumugamangalam pond (January 2012 to Decem-ber 2012
Esther et al., 2015
017 Journal of Research in Ecology (2015) 3(1): 001-020
YEAR-2012 |
CHEMICAL PARAMETERS |
COLIFORM PA-RAMETERS |
||||||||
Month Month |
Ca(mg/l) |
Mg(mg/l) |
Na(mg/l) |
K(mg/l) |
Cl(mg/l) |
SO4(mg/l) |
Co3(mg/l) |
Hco3(mg/l) |
Total Col.(MPN/ 100ml) |
Faecal Col.(MPN/ 100ml) |
January |
7.5±0.161 |
6.9±0.317 |
6.9±0.317 |
0.10±0.007 |
16.5±0.161 |
3.2±0.317 |
0.000±0.000 |
2.5±0.161 |
265±0.707 |
21±0.707 |
Febru-ary |
1.1±0.317 |
1.0±0.070 |
1.0±0.070 |
0.08±0.003 |
1.2±0.317 |
0.000±0.000 |
0.2±0.007 |
2.4±0.070 |
260±0.707 |
20±0.707 |
March |
6.9±0.317 |
0.6±0.000 |
0.6±0.000 |
0.15±0.007 |
14.5±0.161 |
0.000±0.000 |
0.000±0.000 |
2.0±0.070 |
259±0.707 |
22±0.707 |
April |
4.2±0.707 |
0.5±0.000 |
0.5±0.000 |
0.06±0.000 |
3.7±0.317 |
0.000±0.000 |
0.000±0.000 |
2.9±0.317 |
255±0.707 |
25±0.707 |
May |
2.3±0.317 |
3.4±0.000 |
3.4±0.000 |
0.07±0.000 |
3.5±0.161 |
0.000±0.000 |
0.3±0.070 |
3.1±0.317 |
300±0.707 |
29±0.707 |
June |
3.9±0.317 |
1.6±0.000 |
1.6±0.000 |
0.12±0.000 |
4.0±0.707 |
3.0±0.707 |
0.000±0.000 |
2.2±0.317 |
257±0.707 |
23±0.707 |
July |
2.5±0.161 |
1.9±0.000 |
1.9±0.000 |
0.52±0.000 |
5.0±0.707 |
2.5±0.161 |
0.000±0.000 |
2.6±0.317 |
259±0.707 |
21±0.707 |
August |
4.0±0.707 |
0.1±0.000 |
0.4±0.000 |
0.25±0.000 |
4.9±0.317 |
5.5±0.161 |
0.000±0.000 |
3.0±0.707 |
255±0.707 |
19±0.707 |
Sep-tember |
4.1±0.317 |
0.0±0.000 |
0.0±0.000 |
0.12±0.000 |
4.3±0.202 |
2.6±0.070 |
0.2±0.007 |
2.7±0.070 |
253±0.707 |
27±0.707 |
October |
5.9±0.317 |
7.6±0.007 |
7.6±0.007 |
0.35±0.000 |
6.5±0.161 |
11.9±0.317 |
0.000±0.000 |
2.6±0.070 |
300±0.707 |
30±0.707 |
Novem-ber |
4.2±0.707 |
4.3±0.707 |
4.3±0.707 |
0.30±0.000 |
3.5±0.161 |
0.000±0.000 |
0.2±0.007 |
1.3±0.070 |
350±0.707 |
37±0.707 |
Decem-ber |
1.2±0.317 |
0.3±0.000 |
0.3±0.000 |
0.02±0.000 |
1.0±0.070 |
0.000±0.000 |
1.2±0.317 |
1.2±0.317 |
330±0.707 |
29±0.707 |
Table 4: Seasonal variation of chemical and coliform parameters of the Arumugamangalam pond (January 2012 to December 2012)
Esther et al., 2015
Journal of Research in Ecology (2015) 3(1): 01-020 018
02.Nitzschia sp |
- |
+ |
03.Amphora sp |
- |
+ |
04. Nitzschia scalaris |
- |
+ |
05.Corethron criophilum |
- |
+ |
06.Thalassiosira eccentrica |
- |
+ |
07.Synedra tabulate(1200x) |
+ |
+ |
08.Cyclotella striata |
- |
+ |
09.Stauroneis phoenicenteron(12µm) |
- |
+ |
10. Thalassionema nitzschioides |
- |
+ |
11. Cyclotella atomus |
- |
+ |
12.Actinocyclus octonarius(20µm) |
- |
+ |
13. Cyclotella meneghiniana |
- |
+ |
14. Cyclotella kutzingiana(20µm) |
- |
+ |
15.Synedra ulna |
- |
+ |
16.Rhizosolenia styliformis(50µm) |
- |
+ |
17. Synedra acus(1200x) |
+ |
+ |
18.Stauroneis anceps |
- |
+ |
19.Fragilaria capucina |
+ |
- |
20.Pinnularia acrosphaeria |
+ |
- |
21.Gomphonema olivilus |
+ |
- |
22. Fragilaria crotonensis |
+ |
- |
23.Navicula lanceolata(100x) |
+ |
- |
24.Diatoma elongate(50µm) |
+ |
- |
25. Pinnularia major(100x) |
+ |
- |
26.Cymbella affinis |
+ |
- |
27.Nitzschia obtuse(1200x) |
+ |
- |
28.Diploneis elliptica(1200x) |
+ |
- |
29. Fragilaria intermedia |
+ |
- |
30.Asterionella sp |
+ |
- |
31. Diploneis puella |
+ |
- |
32. Asterionella Formosa |
+ |
- |
J.Noctiluciphyceae |
|
|
01.Noctiluca miliaris suriray(2000µm) |
+ |
- |
G.Pyrmnesiophyceae |
|
|
01.Prymnesium sp(16µm) |
+ |
- |
H.Pyrrophyceae |
|
|
01.Prorocentrum rostratum stein(98µm) |
- |
+ |
I.Ulvophyceae |
|
|
01.Ulothrix flacca |
+ |
- |
K. Zygnemophyceae |
|
|
01.Gonatozygon sp |
- |
+ |
ZOOPLANKTONS |
|
|
01. Chaoborus |
+ |
+ |
02.Bosmina longirostris |
+ |
+ |
03.Asplanchna |
+ |
+ |
04.Daphnia longispina |
+ |
+ |
CLASS |
STATION 1 |
STATION 2 |
A.Cyanophyceae |
Kadamba pond |
Arumugamangalam pond |
Table 5: Phytoplankton biodiversity in the Kadamba pond and Arumugamangalam pond
Esther et al., 2015
Journal of Research in Ecology (2015) 3(1): 001-020 019
Esther et al., 2015
020 Journal of Research in Ecology (2015) 3(1): 001-020
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