Article Citation:
Amirsaleh Baghdadi, Mahyar Balazadeh, Ali Kashani, Farid Golzardi and Mohammad Nabi Ilkaee
Effect of pre-sowing treatment and nitrogen on the weed properties in maize fields
Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 019-029
Effect of pre-sowing treatment and nitrogen on the weed
properties in maize fields
Keywords:
Biomass, Buko, Density, Perko PVH, Fallow, Manure
ABSTRACT:
In order to evaluat the effect of pre-sowing treatment and nitrogen rates on weed’s dynamic population, a field experiment was carried out in a split plot based on Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications at 2013-14 in Agricultural Research Station, Islamic Azad University of Karaj, Iran. Main plots consisted of four pre-sowing treatments (Fallow, Manure, Perko PVH and Buko) and sub-plots included three rates of nitrogen (120, 240 and 360 kg ha-1). Variation analyses showed that pre-sowing treatments had a significant difference (P≤0.01), before corn planting on total biomass and density of weeds, Convolvulus arvensis L., Portulaca oleracea L. and the other weeds. So that, in all the attributes, pre-sowing fallow made the highest density and biomass of weeds on pre-planting. Decreasing rates of weed density to compare with fallow in Buko and Perko PVH treatments were respectively 42.02 and 37.29 percent and also decreasing rates of weeds biomass were respectively 56.14 and 45.51 percent. Variation analyses after the corn planting indicated the effect of pre-sowing treatments on weeds biomass and density, Chenopodium album L. , Amaranthus retroflexus L. and the other weeds after the corn planting had a significant difference (P≤0.01); Somehow, that in all the attributes, Perko PVH and Buko treatments could make the lowest weed biomass and density to compare with fallow and manure treatments. Affecting nitrogen levels on Chenopodium album L. density, Amaranthus retroflexus L. biomass and other weed biomass had a significant difference (P≤0.01) and other weed densities had a significant difference (P≤0.05), in a way that showed increase in nitrogen consumption showing weed density and biomass getting increased. Interaction effect of pre-sowing and nitrogen levels on Chenopodium album L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. biomass and densities, had a significant difference (P≤0.01) on the weed density after the corn cultivation showed a significant difference (P≤0.05). The lowest biomass and density observed in Buko and Perko PVH treatments were obtained by using 120 kg ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer.
Authors:
Amirsaleh Baghdadi1, Mahyar Balazadeh1,
Ali Kashani1,
Farid Golzardi2 and Mohammad Nabi Ilkaee1
Institution:
1. Department of Agronomy, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
2. Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
Corresponding author:
Amirsaleh Baghdadi
Email Id:
Web Address:
http://jresearchbiology.com/documents/EC0037.pdf
Dates:
Received: 14 December 2015 Accepted: 26 January 2016 Published: 13 February 2016
Original Research
019-029 | JRE | 2016 | Vol 4 | No 1
This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, environmental pollution, including pollution of surface and subsurface by herbicides is one of the most important human issue (Abdin et al., 2000). On the other hand, the spread of weeds which are resistant to the herbicides and continuously changing their population are also a big challenge in the crop production (Buhler, 1996). Using conventional tillage and herbicide methods are costly and increase the risk of soil erosion and have negative effects on soil structure and its performance in the long time (Schupp and McCue, 1996). The most common alternative method instead of herbicides and tillage are using the cover crops. Cover crops are cultivated for different reasons, such as preventing the development of weed populations, disease control of soil, enriching the soil through Plant fixation, improving soil structure, preventing the leaching of nitrogen, compounds increasing soil organic matter and soil erosion reduction (Kruidhof et al., 2008). There are various reports about weed controlling by cover crops. Controlling weeds by cover crops may be through the competition for resources such as light, water, nutrients, allopathic, space weed growth or a combination of these factors (Lampkin, 1994). Live mulch of Cover crops prevent weed growth in three ways:
One of the main ways to stop the germination and growth of weeds in autumn and winter is having a strong mass of cover crops which control weeds through the competition for light and nutrients (Teasdale and Daughtry, 1993). In order to overcome weeds by cover crops, the initial growth rate is very important. Depending on the climatic conditions, planting of winter crops at the appropriate time and before starting the cold season and the use of a fast-growing cover crop can help overcoming weeds (Samdani and Montazeri, 2009). Cover crops dominate the weeds, the initial growth rate is of most important in winter and should be planted in late summer or the early days of autumn so as to establish before winter and in early days of spring, where, they produce maximum biomass (Pullaro et al., 2006). Winter canola has a large potential to compete with fall weeds and in the spring, residues mixed soil of cover crops prevent weed germination and reduce their growth by allopathic effects, stimulation of soil pathogens, changing the availability of nutrients and improving the crop growth and increasing competitiveness against weeds (Kruidhof et al., 2008). There are many reports based on increasing crop yield after planting cover crops. One of the reasons for increasing the yield of different cover crop treatments is weed controlling by the plants (Ghaffari et al., 2011). In most cases, brassica family, particularly new hybrid varieties are affected by Brassica species more than any other plant in the autumn and winter. Among these hybrids, Perko PVH and Buko can be mentioned. Hybrid Perko PVH plants are obtained from the confluence of the Brassica napus L.var. napus and Brassica campestris L. var.sensulato and Buko amphiploid plants, where, latter is the confluence result of tetraploid (Brassica napus L. var napus) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. var.sensulato) and forage turnips (Brassica campestris L. var.rapa), that are superior than their parents in many ways (Saito, 1998). Because they grow fast in the fall, cover ground and their growth continue throughout the winter (Mihailović et al., 2008). Although, because of being delicious, these hybrids are used as the animal foods; to grow and create quick cover
on the soil surface and also high performance of aerial organs can be used in organic and sustainable farming as a cover crop and green manure. Also, when the primary goal is to control winter weeds, the seeds of the cover crops should be increased to better cover the soil (Kashani et al., 1986). According to this fact that pre-sowing of the Brassica family are able to rapidly cover the ground in fall and are resistant to cold and freezing. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pre-sowing treatments and nitrogen rate on weed control.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted at the research farm of Islamic Azad University in the crop year of 2014-2015. An experiment was performed based on a split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The main factor include pre-sowing treatments in four levels (Perko PVH, Buko, fallow and manure) sub factor included the plant in three levels (120, 240 and 360 kg ha-1). After the land pre-sowing including the plow, disc and leveling, the pre-sowing in the plots of 3.6 × 6 square meters were simultaneously planted in late March. To evaluate the effect of pre-sowing treatments (Perko PVH and Buko and fallow) on biomass and density of weeds before planting corn, a random sampling stage was done from the experimental treatments in the middle of the July. In each plot, four 0.5*0.5 quadrant -square-foot was randomly thrown and weeds separated and counted on the floor. The collected plant samples were oven dried at 70oC for 48 hours and then weighed.
Pre-sowing plants were picked from the soil surface two weeks before corn cropping and their residues mixed with soil by crop milling machine. In the mid-July of 2014, seed corn single cross 704 with row spacing of 65 cm and a density of 12 plants m-2 were planted by a pneumatic device. Plant fertilizers were divided into three parts and were applied in the rate of 10, 70% and 20% in the five-leaf, stem elongation and grain filling. Sampling of weeds after planting was completed in stages of the corn canopy and in each plot, four quadrant of 0.5*0.5 m² was thrown randomly and the weeds were separated and counted. The collected plant samples were oven dried at 70oC for 48 hours and then weighed. Data analysis were performed using the statistical software SAS (Version 9.2) and mean comparisons were conducted using Duncan test at the 5% level (SAS Institute, 2008).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Weed biomass before planting corn
The combination of the weeds before planting corn in a field includes 10 species (Table 2). In this experiment, Convolvulus arvensis L. and Portulaca oleracea L. were found to be dominant than the weeds. Pre-sowing treatments on total weed biomass pre-sowing corn at the probability level of 1% was significant (Table 1) so that most of the total weed biomass (124.95 g m-2) in the treatment of fallow and least total biomass (72.44 g m-2) were observed in the pre-sowing of the Buko. However, pre-sowing of Perko PVH was analyzed in the same group and was able to reduce total weeds biomass (Figure 1). It seems that Buko and Perko PVH treatments have been successful in reducing weed biomass due to high, dry matter production and ghosting more because
of allopathic effects. The results of McLenaghen et al. (1996) showed that the amount of covered ground is inversely proportional to weeds with a cover that was occupied by the species so that in the absence of plant cover, the covered ground by weeds were 52 %, However, when 92% of land was covered by the Sinapis alba L. only 4% of land was covered by the weeds and when the Secale cereale cover 85% of the land, only 9% of land was occupied by the weeds. Worsham (1991) believed that controlling the weeds by cover crops are accompanied with increasing soil pH and increasing folic acid content in the soil. Probably the results can be concluded that Brassica material of pre-sowing plants has an important role in reducing density and pressure of weeds in the next crop.
The effect of pre-sowing treatment of Little hogweed biomass at the probability level of 1% was significant (Table 1). The comparison between pre-sowing treatments showed that the most biomass of Little hogweed affected by treatments of the pre-sowing fallow is 61.09 g m-2 and the least biomass of Little hogweed was related to the treatment of the Buko by 50.28 g m-2, However, treatment of Perko PVH were analyzed by 55.27 g m-2 in the same group (Table3). Abadi, (2002) have shown that cultivating Brassica napus L. lead to the reduction of the emergence on Little hogweed and tendrils by the probability rate of 39 till 69 per cent. Pre-sowing treatments on the total biomass of field bindweed was significant at probability level of 1% (Table 1). Maximum bindweed biomass (39.16 g m-2) were observed in fallow treatments and minimum of
biomass (15.15 g m-2) was seen in Buko pre-sowing (Table 3). These findings match with the results of the Ekeleme et al. (2003). The effect of pre-sowing treatment, on the total biomass of other weeds before planting corn at the probability level of 1% was significant (Table 1). The comparison between pre-sowing treatments showed that the most biomass of weeds affected by the treatments of pre-sowing fallow is 8.66 g m-2 and the least biomass of weeds was related to treatments of the Buko and Perko PVH by 2.58 and 2.75 g m-2 (Table 3). Also, Nova (1995) stated that the oats and winter rye, which were mixed with soil meaningfully, decrease germination and summer weeds dried weight.
Density of weeds before planting corn
The effect of pre-sowing treatment on the density of weeds before planting corn at the probability level of 1% was significant (Table1). So that, pre-sowing of Buko and Perko PVH reduce the density of weeds before planting corn (56.14 and 45.51%) compared to the treatment of fallow, respectively (Figure 2). Teasdale (1996) stated that the amount of the dry weight of cover crops in weed control is more important than the composition of plant residues. In general, living cover crop reduces the available amount of light and moisture for germination of weed seeds. In addition, the weeds that grow in the vicinity of cover crop has been affected by the competition and are not expanded for survival well (Haramoto and Gallandt, 2005).
The effect of pre-sowing treatment on the density of the Little hogweed, at a probability level of one 1% was significant (Table 1). The comparison between pre-sowing treatments showed that the most biomass of Little hogweed affected by fallow treatments are with the rate of 11.75 plant m-2. Also, the lowest density of Little hogweed was related to Buko treatments by the rate of 6.08 plant m-2 (Table 4). Boydston and Hang (1995) reported that the remains of Eruca sativa could reduce the density of weeds by probability of 73 until 83 percent. The effect of pre-sowing treatments on field bindweed density at the probability level of 1% was significant (Table 1). So that the highest density of field bindweed (10.16 plant m-2) in fallow treatments were gained and the fewest density (4.33 and 4.58 plant m-2) in Perko PVH and Buko treatments was observed (Table 4). The effect of pre-sowing on total density of other weeds before the corn planting at the probability level of 1% was significant (Table 1). The means comparison between the pre-sowing treatments illustrated that the highest density of other weeds affected by fallow treatments are by the rate of 24.96 plant m-2, and the least biomass of weeds was related to the treatment of
the Buko and Perko PVH by 7.00 and 7.29 Plant m-2 (Table 4). Samarajeewa et al. (2006) have reported soybean cultivation with millet crop due to high tillering ability. This has the ability to significantly prevent the growth of weeds and reducing their population to be effective.
Weed biomass after planting corn
The combination of weeds after planting corn in the field includes 14 species (Table 5) that in this experiment, Chenopodium album L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. were dominant. The effect of pre-sowing treatment on the total biomass of weeds after planting corn at the probability level of 1% was significant (Table 6). So that, the most biomass of the total weeds (380.3 and 364.79 g m-2) were seen in the treatment of manure and fallow and the lowest total biomass (140.48 and 154/67 g m-2) were seen in Buko and Perko PVH pre-sowing (Figure 3). A reduction in dry weight of weeds in corn after the pre-sowing provides the opportunity for lower competition of corn and improves the physiological characteristics of the plant by increasing the speed growth and reducing competition. Thus, it appears that inhibition of radiation by the canopy corn
and pre-sowing plants and lack of light, leads to reduced germination and weeds growth. Pre-sowing plants will have the best results when they green faster and cover the soil surface. These plants can prevent the passage of
light as a smother crop for weeds and change the temperature of the soil surface by changing the ratio of red light to red round. This leads to the lack of seed germination or reducing seedling growth of weed. Also another important factor that leads to better controlling of weeds by the Buko and Perko PVH pre-sowing plants are high dry material production by the pre-sowing plants and the allelopathic effects of the brassica family which increases the total content of phenolic acids in soil.
The interaction of pre-sowing treatment and nitrogen on the Lamb’s quarters biomass at probability level of 1% was significant (Table 6). The comparison between pre-sowing treatments and nitrogen showed that the most Lamb’s quarters biomass, affected by treatments pre-sowing fallow and 120 kg N ha-1 of 95.57 g m2 and the lowest Lamb’s quarters biomass and Buko treatment of 120 kg N ha-1 of 10.43 g m2 (Table 7). This finding matches with Ghaffari et al. (2011) results. The interaction of pre-sowing treatment and nitrogen on the total biomass redroot pigweed at the probability level of 1% was significant (Table 6). So that, the most biomass of redroot pigweed treatment is 101.74 plants m-2 in the manure treatment and 120 kg N ha-1 and while the pre-sowing treatment of Buko and Perko PVH and all levels of ‘N’ has no redroot pigweed and was completely controlled (Table 7). The effect of pre-sowing treatment and nitrogen on the total biomass of other weeds after planting corn at the probability level of 1%was significant (Table 6). The comparison between pre-planting treatments showed that the most biomass of other weeds affected by the treatments of manure, pre-sowing is 207.01 g m-2 and the least biomass of other weeds were related to the treatment of Buko and Perko PVH by 111.07 and 118.95 g m-2. The comparison between nitrogen treatments showed that the most biomass of other weeds after planting the corn, which are affected by using of 240 and 360 Kg N h-1 with the rate of (167.27 and 166.48 gr m-2 respectively) and the lowest biomass was seen by using of 120 kg N h-1 with the rate of (139.14 gr m-2) (Table 8). The results matches with the results of the Ayneband (2005).
Density of weeds after corn planting
The interaction of pre-sowing treatment and nitrogen on the density of weeds after corn planting at probability level of 1% was significant (Table 6). So that the most density of the total weeds (39.25 and 38 plant m-2) are in fallow pre-sowing treatment and 240 Kg N ha-1 and manure and the amount of 120 Kg N ha-1 and the least of the total density (16.5 plant m-2) are seen in Buko pre-sowing and 120 Kg N ha-1. The treatment of Perko PVH and Buko makes the lowest total density of the weeds compared to the fallow treatment and manure in all surfaces of the plant (Figure 4). Cover crop residues as well as the intensity of germination and growth of weeds or by changes in temperature and soil moisture change the releasing allelochemicals and their effects on soil structure. Probably the results can be concluded that Brassica pre-sowing have an important role in reducing weed pressure and density in the next cultivation. Reduction in dry weight of weeds in corn after cover crop provides the opportunity for lower corn competition and improves the physiological characteristics of the plant by increasing the speed growth and reducing the
competition which are matched with the results of the Ghaffari et al. (2011) who stated that treatments of rye, canola and barley with three times density crops decrease the treatments of the weeds by 82, 81 and 66%, respectively.
The interaction of pre-sowing treatment and nitrogen on the density of Lamb’s quarters at probability level of 1%was significant (Table 6). The means comparison between pre-sowing treatments and nitrogen showed that the most density of the Lamb’s quarters affected by treatments of the fallow and manure, pre-sowing by using of the 360 kg N h-1 by a rate of 7.75 plant m-2 the least of density is related to the Buko treatment, and the amount of the 120 and 240 Kg N ha-1 with 0.5 plant m-2 (Table 7). Aminghafouri (2009) stated that cultivating cover crops such as vetch, fenugreek and Persian clover decrease the density of the Lamb’s quarters. Investigation of the results showed that interaction of pre-sowing treatment and nitrogen on the density of Redroot pigweed at probability level of 1% was significant (Table 6). Pre-sowing treatment of manure and 120 kg N ha-1 could make the most Redroot pigweed after the corn planting (6 plant m-2). While treatments pre-sowing of Buko and Perko PVH and all levels N have no Redroot pigweed weeds (Table 7). The main reason of having no Redroot pigweed in the pre-sowing treatment of Buko and Perko PVH is due to the effect of the Brassica family and increasing the amount of the folic acid in the soil. The effect of pre-sowing treatment and nitrogen on the total other weeds after planting corn at the probability level of 1% was significant (Table 6). The means comparison between pre-sowing treatments showed that the most density of the other weeds affected by treatments of the manure, pre-sowing is 26.25 plant m-2 and fewest densities of the other crops is for the Buko treatment in 17.41 plant m-2. Although there was no significant difference between treatments of 120 and 360, comparison between pre-sowing treatments showed that the most density of the other weeds affected by nitrogen treatments is 240 Kg ha-1 (23.18 plant m-2) and fewest density of that is related to the treatment of the 120 Kg N ha-1 with 21 plant m-2 (Table 6). These findings are matched with Nejad and Alizadeh (2005) results.
CONCLUSION
In this experiment, pre-sowing treatments of Perko PVH and Buko have the highest level of weed control. In general, we can say that planting the pervious crops plants are effective in weed control, soil fertility and increasing the yield’s second culture and can be considered as a one of the ways to achieve sustainable agriculture.
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Aminghafouri A and Rezvani Moghadam P. (2009). Effect of cover crops on weed control castor (Ricinus communis L.). Abstract Book of National Conference on Oilseed crops. Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. Pp. 17. (In Persian with English abstract)
Ayneband A. (2005). Crops rotation, University of Mashhad Publications. 407. (In Persian).
Boydston RA and Hang A. (1995). Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) green manure crop suppresses weeds in potato (Solanum tuberosum). Weed Technology, 9(4):69–675.
Buhler DD. (1996). Development of alternative of weed management strategies. Journal of Production Agriculture, 9(4):501-504.
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Cover Crops for Weed Suppression in the Moist Savanna of Nigeria. Weed Technology, 17(1):1–13.
Ghaffari M, Ahmadvand G, Ardakani MR, Nadali I and Elahi Panah F. (2011). Effect of cover crops on winter weeds control . Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 3(1):1-8.
Haramoto ER and Gallandt ER. (2005). Brassica cover cropping: II. Effects on growth and interference of green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Weed Science, 53(5):702-708.
Hasan Nejad S and Mohammad Alizadeh H. (2005). Winter rye suitable choice of spring weed management products. Proceedings of the Symposium of Weed Science, Research Institute of Plant Pests and Diseases, 5th - 6th February. (In Persian).
Kashani A, Bahrani G, Khalil Alami S and Mesgarbashy M. (1986). To introduce Three new varieties of Brassica forage plants and report the results of their primary research in Khuzestan. Research project Ahwaz. Chamran University. (In Persian).
Kruidhof HM, Bastiaans L and Kropff MJ. (2008). Ecological weed management by cover cropping: effects on weed growth in autumn and weed establishment in spring. Weed Research, 48(6):492–502.
Lampkin N. (1994). Organic Farming. UK Farming Press Ltd. pp. 330.
Mihailović V, Erić P, Marinković R, Ćupina B, Marjanović-Jeromela A, Mikić A, Krstić Đ and Červenski J. (2008). Potential of Some Brassica Species as forage crops. Cruciferae Newsletter, 27:39-40.
McLenaghen RD, Cameron KC, Lampkin NH, Daly ML and Deo B. (1996). Nitrate, leaching from ploughed pasture and the effectiveness of winter catch crops in reducing leaching losses. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 39(3): 413-20.
Nova AS. (1995). Impact of cover crop on weed abundance and nitrogen contribution in broccoli Brassica Oleracea Var. Italica, production systems in the maritime pacific Northwest. M.S. Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis. p. 92.
Pullaro TC, Marino PC, Jackson DM, Harrison HF and Keinath AP. (2006). Effects of killed cover crop mulch on weeds, weed seeds and herbivores. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 115(1-4):97–104.
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Samarajeewa KBDP, Horiuchi T and Oba S. (2006). Finger millet (Eleucine corocana L. Gaertn.) as a cover crop on weed control, growth and yield of soybean under different tillage systems. Soil and Tillage Research. 90(1):93–99.
Samdani B and Montazeri M. (2009). The use of cover crops in sustainable agriculture. Plant Protection Research Institute Publications. 186. (In Persian).
Schupp JR and McCue JJ. (1996). Effect of five weed control methods on growth and fruiting of McIntosh / M.7 apple trees. Journal of Tree fruit production. 1(4):1-14.
Teasdale JR. (1996). Contribution of cover crops to weed management in sustainable agricultural systems. Journal of Production Agriculture. 9(4):475-479.
Teasdale JR and Daughtry CST. (1993). Weed suppression by live and desiccated hairy vetch (Vicia villosa). Weed Science. 41(2):207-212.
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International Conference. West Tennesee Experiment Station. April 9-11, 1991.
Younes Abadi M and Farahi Ashtiani S. (2002). To study the role of chemical substances released from the rot of canola and cotton crops in soil on the growth of its dominant weeds (Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Abutilon theophrasti medic), Proceedings of the Fifteenth Congress of Plant Pathology, University of Kermanshah, 16th - 20th September. (In Persian).
Baghdadi et al., 2016
020 Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 019-029
Baghdadi et al., 2016
Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 019-029 021
Figure 1. The effect of pre-sowing treatments on total weed biomass before the corn planting
Means followed by different letters are significantly dif-ferent using Duncan’s multiple range test (P < 0.05).
Baghdadi et al., 2016
022 Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 019-029
S.O.V. |
d.f. |
Pr > F |
|||||||
T.B.W1 |
T.D.W2 |
B.C.A3 |
D.C.A4 |
B.P.O5 |
D.P.O6 |
B.O.W7 |
D.O.W8 |
||
Replication |
3 |
0.31 |
0.21 |
0.35 |
0.47 |
0.03 |
0.01 |
0.49 |
0.09 |
Pre-sowing |
2 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
0.0022 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
Error |
30 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.V. (%) |
12.20 |
13.21 |
16.18 |
15.91 |
12.27 |
17.48 |
16.63 |
17.88 |
|
1:Total biomass weeds ; 2:Total density weeds ; 3: Biomass Convolvulus arvensis L. ; 4:Density Convolvulus arvensis L.; 5:Biomass Portulaca oleracea L.; 6:Density Portulaca oleracea L.; 7:Biomass of other weeds ; 8:Density of other weeds |
Table 1. Summarizes The result of variance analysis the effect of pre-sowing treatments on the weeds traits before the corn planting
|
Common Name |
Scientific Name |
Family |
Camelthorn |
.FischAlhagi camelorum |
Fabaceae |
|
Redroot pigweed |
Amaranthus retroflexus L. |
Amaranthaceae |
|
Borage flower |
Borago officinalis L. |
Boraginaceae |
|
Lamb's quarters |
Chenopodium album L. |
Chenopodiaceae |
|
Field bindweed |
Convolvulus arvensis L. |
Convolvulaceae |
|
Flower-of-an-hour |
Hibiscus trionum L. |
Malvaceae |
|
Little hogweed |
Portulaca oleracea L. |
Portulacaceae |
|
Russian knapweed |
Rhaponticum repens L. |
Asteraceae |
|
Johnsongrass |
Sorghum halepense L. |
Poaceae |
|
Goathead |
Tribulus terrestris L. |
Zygophyllaceae |
Table 2. The list of weeds before the corn planting
Baghdadi et al., 2016
Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 019-029 023
Table 3. The effect of pre-sowing treatments on weeds biomass before the corn planting |
|||
Pre-sowing treatments |
Biomass of Field bindweed (gm-2) |
Biomass of Little hogweed (gm-2) |
Biomass of other weeds (gm-2) |
Perko |
15.78b |
55.27b |
2.58b |
Buko |
15.15b |
50.28b |
2.75b |
Fallow |
39.16a |
61.09a |
8.66a |
The treatments with a common letter have no significantly different(P>0.05). |
Pre-sowing treatments |
Density of Field bind weed (plant m-2)
|
Density of Little hogweed (plant m-2)
|
Density of other weeds (plant m-2) |
Perko |
4.33b |
9.75b |
7.29b |
Buko |
4.58b |
6.08c |
7.00b |
Fallow |
10.16a |
11.75a |
24.69a |
The treatments with a common letter have no significantly different(P>0.05). |
Table 4. The effect of pre-sowing treatments on weeds density before the corn planting
Baghdadi et al., 2016
024 Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 019-029
|
Common Name |
Scientific Name |
Family |
Redroot pigweed |
Amaranthus retroflexus L. |
Amaranthaceae |
|
Borage flower |
Borago officinalis L. |
Boraginaceae |
|
Lamb's quarters |
Chenopodium album L. |
Chenopodiaceae |
|
Field bindweed |
Convolvulus arvensis L. |
Convolvulaceae |
|
Jimsonweed |
Datura stramonium L. |
Solanaceae |
|
Salad rocket |
Eruca sativa miller |
Brassicaceae |
|
Flower of an hour |
Hibiscus trionum L. |
Malvaceae |
|
High mallow |
sylvestris Malva |
Malvaceae |
|
Prostrate knotweed |
Polygonum aviculare L. |
Polygonaceae |
|
Little hogweed |
Portulaca oleracea L. |
Portulacaceae |
|
Russian knapweed |
Rhaponticum repens L. |
Asteraceae |
|
Johnsongrass |
Sorghum halepense L. |
Poaceae |
|
Goathead |
Tribulus terrestris L. |
Zygophyllaceae |
|
Rough cocklebur |
Xanthium strumarium L. |
Asteraceae |
Table 5. The list of weeds after the corn planting
Figure 2. The effect of pre-sowing treatments on total weeds density before the corn planting
Means followed by different letters are significantly dif-ferent using Duncan’s multiple range test (P < 0.05).
Figure 3. The effect of pre-sowing treatments on total weeds biomass after the corn planting
Means followed by different letters are significantly dif-ferent using Duncan’s multiple range test (P < 0.05).
Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 019-029 025
Baghdadi et al., 2016
Table 6 . Summarizes The result of variance analysis the effect of pre-sowing treatments and nitrogen rates on the weeds traits after the corn planting |
|||||||||
S.O.V. |
d.f. |
Pr > F |
|||||||
T.B.W1 |
T.D.W2 |
B.C.A3 |
D.C.A4 |
B.A.R5 |
D.A.R6 |
B.O.W7 |
D.O.W8 |
||
Replication |
3 |
0.6100 |
0.3100 |
0.1100 |
0.0200 |
0.6100 |
0.1400 |
0.2600 |
0.2700 |
Pre-sowing(P) |
3 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
Error P |
9 |
0.4007 |
0.6720 |
0.2350 |
0.6133 |
0.8501 |
0.9913 |
0.4105 |
0.5029 |
Nitrogen(N) |
2 |
0.0739 |
0.1587 |
0.2113 |
0.0004 |
0.0074 |
0.1252 |
0.0003 |
0.0300 |
P×N |
6 |
0.4161 |
0.0399 |
0.0060 |
0.0030 |
0.0032 |
<.0001 |
0.5614 |
0.0551 |
Error N |
24 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.V. (%) |
11.51 |
13.40 |
17.77 |
18.88 |
17.38 |
18.93 |
11.96 |
10.74 |
|
1:Total biomass weeds ; 2:Total density weeds ; 3: Biomass Chenopodium album L. ; 4:Density Chenopodium album L. ; 5:Biomass Amaranthus retroflexus L. ; 6:Density Amaranthus retroflexus L. ; 7:Biomass of other weeds ; 8:Density of other weeds |
Characters |
Biomass of Lamb's quarters (g m-2) |
Density of Lamb's quarters (Plant m-2) |
Biomass of Redroot pigweed (g m-2) |
Density of Redroot pigweed (Plant m-2) |
|
Pre-sowing |
Nitrogen (kg ha-1) |
|
|
|
|
|
120 |
56.42b |
1.50c |
0.00d |
0.00c |
Perko |
240 |
21.25d |
0.75c |
0.00d |
0.00c |
|
360 |
29.49cd |
1.25c |
0.00d |
0.00c |
|
120 |
10.43d |
0.50c |
0.00d |
0.00c |
Buko |
240 |
26.96d |
0.50c |
0.00d |
0.00c |
|
360 |
50.81bc |
1.00c |
0.00d |
0.00c |
|
120 |
81.05a |
4.75b |
101.74a |
6.00a |
Manure |
240 |
85.32a |
5.00b |
82.75b |
4.00b |
|
360 |
95.48a |
7.75a |
73.50bc |
4.00b |
|
120 |
95.57a |
7.50a |
76.75bc |
3.50b |
Fallow |
240 |
95.55a |
7.00a |
83.25b |
5.25a |
|
360 |
92.26a |
7.75a |
70.55c |
4.00b |
The treatments with a common letter have no significant difference (P>0.05). |
Table 7. The effect of pre-sowing treatments and nitrogen rates on density and biomass of Lamb's quarters and Redroot pigweed after the corn planting
Characters |
Biomass of other weeds (gm-2) |
Density of other weeds (Plant m-2) |
Pre-sowing treatments |
|
|
Perko |
118.95b |
19.16b |
Buko |
111.07b |
17.41b |
Manure |
207.01a |
26.25a |
Fallow |
193.48a |
24.50a |
Nitrogen (kg ha-1) |
|
|
120 |
139.14b |
21.00b |
240 |
167.27a |
23.18a |
360 |
166.48a |
21.31b |
The treatments with a common letter have no significant difference (P>0.05). |
Table 8. The main effect of pre-sowing treatments and nitrogen on
density and biomass of others weeds after the corn planting
Baghdadi et al., 2016
026 Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 019-029
Figure 4. The effect of pre-sowing treatments and ni-trogen levels on total weeds density after the corn planting
Means followed by different letters are significantly dif-ferent using Duncan’s multiple range test (P < 0.05).
Baghdadi et al., 2016
Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 019-029 027
Baghdadi et al., 2016
028 Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 019-029
Baghdadi et al., 2016
Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 019-029 029
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